What is the primary driver of plate tectonics?

The primary driver of plate tectonics is convection currents in the mantle. This process involves the transfer of heat from the Earth's interior to its surface, causing the mantle's material to move in a cyclical manner. As the heat from the core warms the mantle, it becomes less dense and rises towards the surface. When it cools down at the surface, it becomes denser and sinks back down. These convection currents create a flow that exerts force on the tectonic plates situated above, leading to their movement.

This understanding is fundamental to geology, as it explains how the movement of tectonic plates can result in earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain building, and ocean trench formation. The interaction between these plates—whether they converge, diverge, or slide past one another—shapes the Earth's surface over millions of years. Recognizing the role of convection currents highlights the dynamic nature of the Earth and helps to explain various geological phenomena.