Soils are organized in layers referred to as what?

Soils are organized in layers known as horizons. Each horizon is a distinct layer within the soil profile, which varies in color, texture, composition, and structure. The arrangement of these horizons reflects the processes of soil formation, including weathering, organic matter accumulation, and leaching.

Typically, the top layer is rich in organic material and is often referred to as the O horizon, followed by the A horizon, which is a topsoil layer. Below this are the E horizon (leached or eluviated layer), the B horizon (subsoil where minerals accumulate), and potentially a C horizon, composed of partially weathered material. Understanding these horizons is crucial for studying soil characteristics, land use, and environmental management.

The other terms, while related to soil and geography, do not accurately describe the organized layers of soil like horizons do. Sections and profiles refer to broader concepts, and stratifications generally relate to the layering of sediments or other geological materials rather than to the specific structure of soil layers.